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Thus, a cobalt-60 source that is used for cancer treatment must be replaced regularly to continue to be effective.

By 1910, 40 radioactive elements had been isolated that were associated with the process by which uranium metal decayed to lead.

This equation can be used to find the amount of energy that results when matter is converted into energy.

The shorthand notation for the naturally occurring isotope of gold is 197Au.

Nuclides with the same mass number are isobars.

By 1898, Marie Curie found that compounds of thorium were also "radioactive.

This raised an obvious question: How many electrons does an atom contain? Describe kinetic parameters for decay processes, including half-life• Nuclides with even numbers of protons or neutrons, or those with magic numbers of nucleons, are especially likely to be stable.

Nuclear Stability A nucleus is stable if it cannot be transformed into another configuration without adding energy from the outside.

Balancing Nuclear Reactions A balanced chemical reaction equation reflects the fact that during a chemical reaction, bonds break and form, and atoms are rearranged, but the total numbers of atoms of each element are conserved and do not change.

82 days; and element-111 Rg for roentgenium is 1.